Piety and Politics: Religion and the Rise of Absolutism in England, Württemberg and Prussia (Cambridge University Press, 1983; reprinted 2002)

A Concise History of Germany (Cambridge University Press, 1990; updated edition, 1992; second edition, 2004)

The Divided Nation: Germany 1918–1990 (Fontana, 1991; OUP, New York, 1992); second edition, A History of Germany 1918–2000: The Divided Nation (Blackwells, 2002)

The Two Germanies 1945–1990: Problems of Interpretation (Macmillan, 1992); second edition, Interpretations of the Two Germanies, 1945–1990 (Macmillan, 2000)

(ed.) National Histories and European History (UCL Press, 1993)

Anatomy of a Dictatorship: Inside the GDR, 1949–89 (Oxford University Press, 1995)

(ed., with David Cesarani) Citizenship, Nationality and Migration in Europe (Routledge, 1996)

(ed.) German History since 1800 (Arnold, 1997); revised edition, Twentieth-century Germany: Politics, Culture and Society 1918–1990 (Arnold, 2001)

German National Identity after the Holocaust (Polity Press, 1999)

(ed.) The Short Oxford History of Europe, 1945–2000 (Oxford University Press, 2000)

(ed., with Martin Swales) Representing the German Nation (Manchester University Press, 2000)

Historical Theory (Routledge, 2002)